Leiden University Excellence Scholarship Programme 2011/2012 for International Students

Leiden University Excellence Scholarship Programme 2011/2012 for International Students


The Leiden University Excellence Scholarship Programme (LExS) is open to outstanding Non-EU/EEA students pursuing a master’s degree programme at Leiden University.



All nationalities enrolling in the following programmes starting September 2011 or February 2012:
- Master of Laws: Advanced Studies in Air and Space Law
- Master of Laws: Advanced Studies in European and International Business Law
- Master of Laws: Advanced Studies in International Tax Law
- Master of Laws: Advanced Studies in Public International Law
- MSc in International Relations and Diplomacy

The Leiden University Excellence Scholarship programme has 5 awards:

Platinum; Covers the tuition fee minus the home fee* and an allowance of €10,000 for living costs
Gold; Covers the tuition fee minus the home fee*
Silver; Covers 75% of the tuition fee
Bronze; Covers 50% of the tuition fee
Ivory; Covers 25 % of the tuition fee

Students should be aware that the LExS is not a full scholarship. It is necessary to find additional funding to be able to finance their study and stay completely.

The maximum study period is 12 months (1-year programme) or 24 months (2-year programme).

Eligibility:

Non-EU/EEA students enrolling in a Leiden University master’s degree programme
In his or her prior academic education abroad, the applicant must have achieved excellent study results which are relevant for the programme for which the student wishes to enrol. As an indication, the student will be among the top 10% for the relevant programme followed abroad
The applicant will hold a non-EU/EEA passport and will not be eligible for support under the Dutch system of study grants and loans (“Studiefinanciering”; for more information please refer to: www.ib-groep.nl
Scholarships will not be awarded to applicants who have already obtained a Leiden University master’s degree
Students who are granted a Leiden Excellence Scholarship must comply with and confirm in writing their agreement with the terms and conditions (pdf) attached to the scholarship prior to the granting of the scholarship.

Students are selected on the basis of academic merit.

Application instructions:

To apply for the scholarship, you should write a letter of motivation (in Word) of a maximum of 500 words, in which you indicate why you believe you should be considered for this scholarship. The Word document should then be attached on the scholarship page in your online application for the master’s programmes for which you are applying.

For programmes starting in September, the deadline is 1 April of the same year while for programmes starting in February, the deadline is 15 October of the previous year.

Further Leiden University Excellence Scholarship information and application:
http://www.leidenuniv.nl/en/studyinleiden/lexs.htm

JAPANESE GOVERNMENT （MONBUKAGAKUSHO:MEXT） SCHOLARSHIP FOR 2011（RESEARCH STUDENTS）

MEXT （Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology） offers
scholarships to international students who wish to study at Japanese universities as
research students under the Japanese Government （MEXT） Scholarship Program for
2011 as follows:

1.FIELDS OF STUDY

Fields of study must be subjects which applicants will be able to study and research at
Japanese universities.

Keep in mind, however, that a student who majors in medicine, dentistry or welfare
science will not be allowed to engage in clinical training such as medical care and
operative surgery until he/she obtains a permit from the Minister of Health, Labour
and Welfare under applicable Japanese laws. Majors in traditional entertainment such
as Kabuki and classical Japanese dances, or in subjects that seek practical training in
specific technologies or techniques at factories or companies are excluded.

2.QUALIFICATIONS

（1）Nationality:

Applicant must have the nationality of a country which has diplomatic relations with
the Japanese government. This applies at such times to stateless persons, too.
Applicant who has Japanese nationality at the time of application will not be eligible.

Applicant screening will be made at the Japanese Embassy/Consulate
Generalhereinafter referred to as the “Japanese legation”） in the country of
Applicant’s nationality（except where two or more countries are attended by the same
Japanese Embassy/Consulate General）.

（2）Age:

Applicant must have been born on or after April 2,1976.

（3） Academic Background:

Applicant must be a graduate from a Japanese university or have academic ability
equal or superior to that of a Japanese university graduate. A person will be deemed
to have academic ability equal or superior to that of a university graduate, if he/she

[1] has completed or will complete a 16-year school curriculum in a foreign country
（or an 18-year school curriculum if he/she desires to enroll in a doctoral course in the
field of medicine, dentistry or veterinary science, or pharmacy which is founded on a 6
-year department or faculty）; or

[2] is or will be aged 22 or older and has taken an individual entrance
qualification
examination and has been judged by a graduate school as being equal or superior in
academic ability to a university graduate （or 24 or older if he/she desires to enroll in a
doctoral course in the field of medicine, dentistry or veterinary science, or pharmacy
which is founded on a 6-year department or faculty）.
Note: Eligible applicants include those who otherwise satisfy or will satisfy qualification
requirements for admission to a Japanese graduate school. As a general rule, a person
who has completed a doctoral course may not apply unless he/she seeks to obtain a
degree.

（4）Major Field of Study:
Applicant should apply for the field of study he/she studied at the previous university
or any related field. Applicant must choose a field on which he/she can receive
education and perform research at the university of his/her choice.

（5）Japanese Language:
Applicant must be willing to learn the Japanese language, interested in Japan and
enthusiastic about deepening his/her understanding of Japan after arriving, and
capable of engaging in study and research while adapting himself/herself to life in
Japan.

（6）Health:
Applicant must be physically and mentally healthy enough to pursue study at
university.

（7）Arrival in Japan:
Applicant must be able to leave for and arrive in Japan between the 1st and 7th of
April 2011, or within two weeks of the date set by the receiving university for the
beginning of the semester （in principle, in September or October）. Travel expenses
will not be provided if the Applicant chooses to travel to Japan before this set period.

（8）Visa Requirement:
Selected Applicants must obtain a College Student （ryuugaku 留学） visa prior to his
arrival in Japan. Applicants who are already in Japan under a visa other than College
Student are required to change it to College Student by the end of the month
preceding the start of the scholarship. Applicants who change their resident status to
any status other than “College Student” after their arrival in Japan will immediately
lose their status as a Japanese government scholarship student.

（9）
Any applicant who meets any or all of the following conditions is not eligible. If
identified after the start of the scholarship period, the applicant will be required to
withdraw from the scholarship:
1: The Applicant is an active member of the military or a civilian employed by the
military at the time the scholarship period is due to begin.
2: The Applicant is unable to travel to Japan within the dates set by the receiving
university
3: If the Applicant was a grantee of a Japanese Government Scholarship in the past.
Unless he/she has had at least three years of research or teaching experience
between the completion of the first scholarship and the start of the second
scholarship period. This exclusion will not apply to a research-student applicant, who

（i） as an international student in Japan received training in Japanese studies at a
university but graduated from his/her home university, or who （ii） was an international
student in Japan under the Japan-Korea Joint Government Scholarship Program for
the Students in Science and Engineering Departments.
4: The Applicant is currently enrolled in a Japanese university under the resident
status of “College Student,” or if he/she plans to enroll at a Japanese university as a
privately-financed international student between the time of application for this
scholarship and the time the scholarship period is due to begin.
5: The Applicant is already the recipient of a scholarship from an organization
（including a governmental organization in his/her country of origin） other than the
Japanese government （Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- MEXT）.
6: The Applicant, considered a “future graduate” and selected as such, is unable to
graduate within the pre-set date or unable to fulfill graduation requirements.

3.TERM OF SCHOLARSHIP

The term of scholarship will differ as follows depending on the course a grantee takes
in Japan:
（1）
In a case where Grantee will enroll as a research student, non-degree student, or
auditor, etc. （hereinafter referred to as “Research Student”） after coming to Japan:
[1] If Grantee comes to Japan in April 2011, his/her scholarship will be payable for 24
months from April 2011 through March 2013;
[2] If Grantee comes to Japan in October 2011, his/her scholarship will be payable for
18 months from October 2011 through March2013.
（In either case, the above-mentioned term of scholarship includes a 6-month
Japanese language training period for grantees who require such training）
（2）
If Grantee enrolls in a master's course, doctoral course, or professional graduate
course after coming to Japan, regardless of the time of his/her arrival in Japan the
scholarship will be payable for a period necessary for Grantee to complete his/her
regular course （standard course term）. （Plus a 6-month Japanese language training
period for Grantee who needs such training.）
If Grantee desires to proceed to a regular graduate course from a Research Student
course, or to a doctoral course from a master’s course or a professional graduate
course, he/she may have the term of his/her scholarship extended upon successful
examination by MEXT provided that he/she has outstanding academic achievement
that meets certain criteria. （Grantee as Research Student cannot have the term of
his/her scholarship extended. If Grantee proceeds to a higher level of education
without receiving approval for an extension of the term of the scholarship, the
scholarship will be cancelled. He/she may, however, proceed to a higher level of
education or continue with his/her study as a privately-financed student.）
Please note, however, that proceeding to a regular graduate course from a Research
Student course is subject to period- related restrictions. Application for extension of
stay will not be accepted in the following cases:
[1] Grantee desires to move on to a master’s course in a Natural Science field, but is
unable to proceed to a regular course by the last day of the 24th month counted from
the month of arrival in Japan;
[2] Grantee desires to move on to a master’s course in a Social Science field, but is
unable to proceed to a regular course by the last day of the 25th month counted from
the month of arrival in Japan;
[3] Grantee desires to move on to a doctoral course in a Natural Science field, but is
unable to proceed to a regular course by the last day of the 13th month counted from
the month of arrival in Japan;
[4] Grantee desires to move on to a doctoral course in a Social Science field, but is
unable to proceed to a regular course by the last day of the 24th month counted from
the month of arrival in Japan;

4.SCHOLARSHIP BENEFITS

（1）Allowance:
Under the fiscal 2010 budget, each grantee will be provided monthly with 152,000 yen
（Research Student course）, 154,000 yen （students enrolled in a Master’s program or
a professional degree program）, or 155,000 yen （students enrolled in a doctoral
program） （an additional monthly stipend of 2,000 or 3,000 yen may be provided to
those undertaking study or research in specially designated regions）. However, these
amounts are subject to change depending on the annual budget of each year. The
scholarship will not be paid to a grantee who takes a leave of absence or is long
absent from his/her university.
Scholarship will be cancelled for a grantee in the following cases. Furthermore, if
scholarship payments were made during the period the following cases applied, the
grantee may be ordered to return scholarship payments received during that period.
[1] If any of his/her application documents is found to be falsely stated;
[2] If he/she is in breach of his/her pledge made to the Minister of
MONBUKAGAKUSHO（MEXT）;
[3] If he/she is subjected to disciplinary action, such as expulsion or removal from
register, taken by his/her university or the preparatory Japanese-teaching institution;
[4] If it becomes definitive that the grantee will not be able to complete his/her
course within the standard course term because of his/her poor academic
achievement or suspension;
[5] If his/her resident status of “College Student” as provided for in Paragraph 1-4
of Appendix to the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act changes to any
other status;
[6] If he/she is provided with another scholarship （except for a scholarship
designated for research expenses）; or
[7]If he/she proceeds to a higher level of education without receiving approval for
an extension of the term of the scholarship.

（2）Traveling Costs
[1] Transportation to Japan: Each grantee will be provided, according to his/her
itinerary and route as designated by MEXT, with an economy class air ticket from the
international airport closest to his/her place of residence to Narita International
Airport （or following the itinerary normally used by the university where the grantee is
placed）. Expenses such as inland transportation from his/her place of residence to
the nearest international airport, airport tax, airport usage charges, special taxes on
overseas travel and travel expenses within Japan will be borne by the grantee （the
place of residence of the grantee shall in principle be the address stated in the
application form）. Air travel from a country other than the grantee’s nationality will
not be covered, nor travel to Japan before April 1, 2011.
If the grantee comes to Japan to obtain admission to a university, he/she will not be
provided with traveling cost to Japan.
[2]Transportation from Japan: The grantee who returns to his/her home country
within the last-payment month of his/her scholarship will be provided, upon
application, with an economy class air ticket for a flight from Narita International
Airport （or following the itinerary normally used by the university where the grantee is
placed） to the international airport closest to his/her place of return.
Note:Insurance premiums for travel to/from Japan shall be borne by the grantee. The
airport the grantee departs from or returns to must be an airport of the country of
his/her nationality.
[3]School Fees: Fees for matriculation, tuition and entrance examinations at a
university will be paid by the Japanese government. If the grantee moves on to higher
education as a nonregular student, he/she will pay for entrance examinations.

5. SELECTION AND NOTIFICATION
（1）
In cooperation with the governments of the applicants’ countries the Japanese
legation will perform primary screening of applicants by means of submitted application
documents, written examinations and interviews.
（2）
Written examinations will be English and Japanese tests. The Japanese examination
must be taken by all applicants. and the English by those who wish.
（3）The following policy will apply to each screening:
[1]Application documents: Must show that the applicant obtained academic
achievement higher than a certain level at the university he/she last graduated from,
and state the applicant’s desired research program in a detailed and concrete manner.
[2] Written examination: Must show that the applicant obtained scores better than a
certain level either in Japanese or English.
[3] Interview: Must reveal that the applicant has a clear sense of purpose relating to
his/her study in Japan and has gathered information about Japanese universities.
Interview must also reveal that the applicant has sufficient Japanese or English
language ability to communicate with his/her adviser in Japan. If the applicant desires
to study a subject that requires higher Japanese language proficiency, Interview must
reveal that the applicant has a considerable degree of Japanese language proficiency.
（4）
Results of the primary screening will be notified on the date separately designated by
the Japanese legation.
（5）
Each person who has passed this primary screening is required to contact directly the
Japanese university of his/her choice and make the utmost effort to obtain admission
as a graduate student or research student, or a letter of provisional acceptance as a
research student （hereinafter referred to as “Admission”） by the end of August.
（6）
Each candidate must submit to the university of his/her choice a set of the same
documents as those submitted to the Japanese legation （application, academic
transcript of the university attended, research program, all with a confirmation seal of
the Japanese legation affixed, and a certificate of the primary selection issued by the
Japanese legation）. Additional documents may have to be submitted upon request of
the university.
（7）
MEXT will conduct a secondary screening based on the results of the primary
screening conducted by the Japanese legation, and select as national scholarship
grantees those applicants who have found recipient universities. Therefore, applicants
who have passed the primary screening at Japanese legation are not necessarily
accepted as scholarship grantees.
Note 1: A written Japanese examination must be taken by all applicants. In addition,
an English examination will be provided to those who wish. The result of these
examinations will provide a basis for determining each applicant’s language ability and
will be reflected directly in the screening.
The result of the written Japanese examination will continue to be used as reference
data for Japanese-language teaching due to be provided upon applicants’ arrival in
Japan.
Note 2: For example, if an applicant with limited proficiency in Japanese desires to
pursue fields of study such as Japanese linguistics, Japanese literature, Japanese
history, or Japanese laws ―fields that require sufficient knowledge of the Japanese
language ― he/she will not be selected as a grantee unless there is a very special
situation.
An applicant who desires to conduct fieldwork abroad at the time of application will
not be selected, either.
Note 3: Applicants who passed the secondary screening and who do not receive from
MEXT a notice of their acceptance by a university by the end of July 2011 will
automatically be disqualified.
If an applicant is notified of his/her selection as a substitute grantee, he may be
designated as a definitive grantee as early as by the end of July in the event that any
one of the selected grantees is known to be failing because of his/her declination or
any other event.

for more informations : click here

Kuis Genetika 03-03-11

1. Sebutkan 5 alasan penggunaan Drosophila melanogaster dalam praktikum!
2. Sebutkan 3 perbedaan Drosophila melanogaster jantan dan betina!
3. Sebutkan minimal 3 Drosophila melanogaster yang diamati hari ini dan jelaskan mutasi apa saja!
4. Sebutkan fungsi dari : a. Sex comb
b. Bristle
5. Diketahui Drosophila melanogaster betina, sayap tereduksi, mata berwarna coklat tua kehitaman, tubuhnya berwarna hitam!

Kumpulan Puisi

Iri Pada Mereka Yang Tahu Kemana Seharusnya Kaki Melangkah

Aku Iri, Sungguh...
Pada usia muda yang kau punya
Pada tawa ceria yang kau tebar
Pada waktu yang tampak selalu berpihak padamu

Aku Iri, Sungguh...
pada air matamu yang bisa turun ke pipi
saat hati berhadapan dengan Illahi
pada langkahmu yang menapaki pasti
asa yang ada di langit tinggi

Aku Iri, Sungguh...
Pada proses yang mau kau jalani
pada cinta yang mau kau bagi
pada hatimu yang tak henti mensyukuri

Aku Iri, Sungguh...
pada kesungguhanmu
pada keteguhanmu
pada keyakinanmu
pada kepercayan dirimu

Teman, aku sungguh iri padamu..


=Fitri300805=

(Cinta) tanpa peran

Aku tidak mempunyainya
bukan berarti ku tak ingin.....

Bosan mendengar orang menunjukan jalan.....
tapi apakah mereka pernah menyusuri jalan itu.......

Inginku teriak....
tapi tak ingin ada yang mendengar....
Menangis????

berharap tidak ada yang melihat......
walaupun "tidak setiap air mata itu buruk".....

Knapa kecemasan terlalu sering jadi pembatas....
adakah yg salah dengan watak???
mencoba menyamarkan harap dengan imajinasi.
kendati sadar, tak pernah menyesal.

Musabab ku menjalani tawa dan tangis..
terima kasih ya Allah telah memberiku IMAJINASI..

inisiasi

hidup = lahir, mengenal, berjuang, memberontak, merdeka, mati

tirai kelabu mengalun perlahan
dentum kerasnya ik lantang
dua jam berganti fajar
merangkak perlahan dari ufuk barat

mereka melihat, mendengar
harmonisa membeku, sirna
kebusukan langkah tampak dalam spektrum
kebaikan tercerca, tak lagi mengalun

gelap, terang, hitam, putih,
semua berelegi

lahir
keluar dari lubang
becek, darah, perjuangan
harapan atau ancaman

mengenal
melihat, mendengar, merasa, meraba,
melanglang mencari
entah apa

berjuang
terdoktrin, idealis, aspirasi
peluh menetes deras
lelah, tapi tetap bagaimanapun caranya
demi tujuan dalam kotak

memberontak
berani, emosi, marah, senjata
otak yang suda di titik klimaks
raga yang mulai gusar
hati telah membusuk, tak lagi diam
ditunggangi kepentingan orang
tanpa sadar

merdeka
bebas, pesta, tanpa aturan, terserah
berdansa diatas rampasan pertarungan
berenang di kolam darah pekat
darah siapa saja, ntahlah
segar

mimpi, harapan, masa depa, dan cita-cita,
kebencian, dendam, iri, dan kegelapan,
cinta, sayang, dan empati
sejarah, masa lalu, kenangan, dan trauma
semua berelegi
lalu berjalan menjauh,
remang,
gelap,

ku mulai menutup mata
satu,
dua,
tiga.

Andai Aku Masih Yang Dulu

Andai aku masih yang dulu
Maka pasti aku akan menyayangmu
Andai aku masih yang dulu
Mungkin tak ragu hati ini mencintai

Sayang sang waktu telah mengubah aku
Aku tidak bisa lagi jatuh cinta
Walau aku sangat menyukai gayamu
Senyummu harummu dan ceriamu

Sayangku kok ada sich yang seperti kamu
Wahai gadis impianku pujaan hatiku
Bukan salah waktu kita telat berjumpa
Namun takdir yang tak memihak pada kita

Dari :

Malaysia International Scholarship (MIS) by the Malaysian Government for International Students

The Malaysia International Scholarship (MIS) is an initiative by the Malaysian Government to attract the best brain from around the world to pursue advanced academic studies in critical fields in Malaysia. This scholarship aims to support Malaysian Government effort to attract, motivate and retain talented human capital from abroad.



Talented international students with excellent academic records and outstanding co-curricular backgrounds are welcomed to apply for this scholarship and further their studies in any selected and well-established Malaysian public and private universities. This scholarship is divided into two (2) categories of study: Postgraduate and Post-doctoral Studies.

1. ELIGIBLITY CRITERIA

To be eligible for Malaysia International Scholarship (MIS), applicants must fit the following criteria:

a) Not be more than 45 years of age during application.

b) Obtained a minimum of Second Class Upper (Honours) or a CGPA of 3.5/4.0 at Bachelor Degree Level for Masters Degree applicants and for PhD candidates must possess CGPA 3.5/4.0 or very good result at Masters degree level in a similar field of intended PhD study. In addition, for post-doctoral programme, the selection will be evaluated based on the number of books produced, refereed/non refereed journals, portfolio and patent copyright. The Post-Doctoral candidate must have excellent reputation in research and possesses knowledge related to the research to be carried out.

c) Took one of the following English Language Proficiency Test not more than two years before the date of application. The list of tests and minimum scores required:

- IELTS Academic Test with a score of at least 6.5; or
- TOEFL paper-based test with a score of at least 580, computer-based test with a score of at least 230 and internet-based test with a score at least 92.

d) In excellent health condition and certified by a Certified Doctor/Medical Professional. The cost of medical examination is to be borne by the applicants

e) Wrote a proposal that is relevant to the needs and interests of Malaysia (research-based programme only)

f) Has applied for and gained admission to postgraduate and post-doctoral studies in Malaysia (conditional letters of offer will be accepted at the time of application or has a confirmation of acceptance or affiliation with the universities in Malaysia).

2. VALUE OF SCHOLARSHIPS

Each scholarship consists of:

a) Air tickets from recipient`s capital city to Malaysia
b) An approved tuition fees
c) Monthly maintenance allowance
d) Annual grant for books and internal travel
e) Medical / Health Insurance
f) Installation and Termination grant
g) Thesis allowance (will be paid at the beginning of research (after proposal defense) and the balance will be paid only upon submission of the thesis) For PhD and Post-Doctoral only
* The Government of Malaysia reserves the rights to review the value of awards at anytime (and if such changes are made, the value of scholarship will be changed and the effective date will be informed to the successful candidates).

3. PRIORITY STUDY AREAS

Field of studies are in the following priority areas:

a) Science and Engineering
b) Agriculture and Fisheries
c) Economics and Islamic Finance
d) Information and Communication Technology
e) Biotechnology
f) Biosecurity and Food Safety
g) Infrastructure and Utility
h) Environmental Studies
i) Health including but not limited to, nursing, medicine, clinical pharmacy

* Applicants may choose any related course within the field/areas mentioned above.

4. SELECTION CRITERIA

Applications will be considered according to the following selection criteria:

a) High-level academic achievement and at least 3 years relevant work experience
b) The quality of the research proposal and its potential contribution towards advancement of technology and human well being.
c) Excellent communication, writing and reading skills in English Language

5. GENERAL CONDITION OF AWARD

a) Scholarship holder must undertake full-time studies for postgraduate and post-doctoral studies at a campus of Malaysian Universities.
b) It is the responsibility of the scholarship holders to confirm admission to the university.
c) Scholarship holders must not change their programme during tenure of the scholarship except with written permission from their university and the Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia.
d) Scholarship holders must follow the approved programmes and abide by the university`s rules, regulations and codes of conduct. Any suspension from the university will result in immediate suspension of award. Monthly allowances are not payable during suspension, including suspension due to illness.
e) It is the responsibility of successful candidates to apply for and meet the requirements for the issuing of an appropriate entry visa including medical examination. The offer of the scholarship does not guarantee the granting of a visa.
f) Scholarship holders must maintain satisfactory progress and good standing as stipulated by their host university and degree programme, or the scholarship will be withdrawn.
g) The scholarships are tenable in Malaysian universities and research must be carried out in Malaysia.
h) Scholarship holders are not allowed to take any paid employment during their tenure unless with written approval from the host university.

6. HOW TO APPLY

All applications should be made ONLINE through Ministry of Higher Education`s website at http://www.mohe.gov.my . The following documents must be attached with the online application form:

a) The applicant`s academic transcript

** Official translation in English is required if the transcript is in other language

b) Curriculum Vitae
c) Medical Report Form
d) Admission Letter from the university
e) English Language proficiency certificate (TOEFL or IELTS)
f) Two Letters of Recommendation
g) Endorsement Form

7. FURTHER ENQUIRIES

For further enquiries, please contact us :

SCHOLARSHIP DIVISION
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION MALAYSIA
LEVEL 4, BLOCK 1, PJH TOWER
PRECINCT 2FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRE
62100 PUTRAJAYA
email : mis@mohe.gov.my
Tel No. : +603-8884 4600
Fax No. : +603-8884 4701

Undergraduate Scholarships for International Students at Kingston University, UK

Kingston University offer up to ten scholarships for undergraduate students for September entry. The scholarships are open to prospective full-time undergraduate students in any subject area for each year of a three-year course (subject to satisfactory progress). Foundation degree students (first or second year entry) are also eligible for the scholarships.

The deadline for September 2011 scholarship applications is 31 May 2011.

Scholarship will be awarded on the basis of:

* academic merit;
* what you expect to gain from the course you are taking; and
* what you intend to do after completing the course.

You can apply online for scholarships for September 2011 entry. Please note that we cannot consider applications received after the deadline. Remember that the scholarships application procedure is separate from the admissions application procedure. Before you begin your application, please make sure that you meet the eligibility criteria. You must:

* be an international student (classified as ‘overseas’ for fee purposes);
* have an offer of a place on a course at Kingston for 2011 entry; and
* not currently be registered on an undergraduate or postgraduate course at Kingston University. Please also note that you will need electronic copies of the following documents to make your application online:
* a copy of your Kingston University offer letter;
* an academic reference letter;
* a copy of your academic transcript/worksheet; and
* a copy of your IELTS/TOEFL result (where applicable).


Scholarship Application Deadline: 31 May 2011

Further Scholarship Information and Application:

GENETIKA POPULASI, Sebuah Praktikum

Laporan Praktikum Genetika
GENETIKA POPULASI
Faiq Anan Murobby*, A.R. Junaid, D.C. Waluyo, D. Oktavia, N. Nikita, R. Guspratiwi, F. Muhammad, W. Soleha
Universitas Indonesia
Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
Departemen Biologi
Maret 2011


Abstrak

Genetika populasi mempelajari variasi genetik dalam suatu populasi. Kesetimbangan frekuensi genetic dalam suatu populasi dijelaskan dalam hokum Hardy-Weinberg. Kesetimbangan tersebut dapat dicapai dengan syarat-syarat tertentu taitu tidak terjadi mutasi dan seleksi alam, populasi yang besar, tidak terjadi migrasi, perkawinan acak dan mempunyai kemampuan hidup dan berkembang biak yang sama. Persamaan hukum Hardy-Weinberg menjelaskan bahwa jumlah frekuansi alel dominan dan alel resesif dalam populasi menghasilkan angka satu. Persamaan tersebut berhubungan dengan besar frekuensi suatu alel yang dapat diprediksi jika frekuensi alel yang lain telah diketahui. Telak dilakukan pengamatan sifat attached ear-lobe, crown hair whorl, tongue rolling dan widow’s peak yang muncul pada setiap individu peserta kelas praktikum genetika. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan kesesuaian hokum Hardy-Weinberg dan ketidaksesuaian dengan hukum Hardy-Weinberg. Perhitungan frekuensi alel berdasarkan persamaan hokum Hardy-Weinberg.

Kata kunci : Hukum Hardy-Weinberg, frekuensi alel, dominan, resesif.



I. Pendahuluan

Frekuensi alel dan frekuensi genotype berhubungan satu sama lain. Hal ini dapt dibuktikan dengan hokum Hardy-Weinberg. Hukum Hardy-Winberg mengemukakan bahwa frekuensi alel dalam suatu kelompok akan tetap dari generasi ke generasi selanjutnya. Untuk mengamati kesesuaian hokum Hardy-Weinberg dilakukan praktikum pengamatan sifat attached ear-lobe, crown hair whorl, tongue rolling dan widow’s peak dalam kelas peserta praktikum genetika.
Genetika populasi adalah salah satu cabang ilmu genetika yang mempelajari variasi genetik dalam suatu populasi. Genetika populasi mengenali arti penting dari sifat kuantitatif, karena cara menentukan penyebaran alel tersebut dilakukan secara matematis. Ilmu genetika populasi telah mempersatukan Mendelisme dan Darwinisme pada tahun 1930-an. Teori yang dikemukakan oleh Darwin pada masa-masa tersebut kurang dapat menjelaskan bagaimana variasi acak muncul dalam suatu populasi, namun tetap bertanggungjawab terhadap pewarisan tersebut dari induk kepada keturunan. Mendel pada masa-masa tersebut telah menjelaskan prinsip dasar pewarisan sifat yang dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan pada teori Darwin (Campbell dkk. 2003: 21- -22).
Genetika populasi sebagai cabang ilmu dari genetika banyak diaplikasikan dalam kehidupan. Genetika populasi dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi sebaran genotipe dari frekuensi gen yang telah diketahui. Salah satu saja frekuensi dari suatu gen diketahui dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi frekuensi gen yang lain. Hal tersebut dapat diaplikasikan dalam mendiagnosa penyakit genetik sebab frekuensi-frekuensi gen pembawa penyakit perlu untuk dihitung (Sofro 1994: 45 - - 46).
Kumpulan gen dalam suatu populasi dapat dipahami melalui Hukum Hardy-Weinberg. Hukum tersebut diambil dari nama dua orang saintis pada tahun 1908, yaitu G.H. Hardy dan Wilhelm Weinberg. Hukum tersebut mengemukakan bahwa frekuensi alel dan frekuensi genotipe dalam kumpulan gen suatu populasi tetap konstan selama beberapa generasi, kecuali jika ada yang bertindak sebagai agen lain selain rekombinasi seksual. Prinsip tersebut dalam arti lain menyatakan bahwa pergeseran seksual alel akibat meiosis dan fertilisasi acak tidak mempengaruhi keseluruhan struktur genetik pada populasi (Campbell dkk. 2003: 23).
Keadaan kumpulan gen dalam suatu populasi yang berada dalam keadaan seimbang dinyatakan sebagai kesetimbangan Hardy-Weinberg. Keadaan-keadaan tersebut diperlukan untuk mempertahankan kesetimbangan Hardy-Weinberg dalam populasi. Hukum Hardy-Weinberg berlaku pada populasi yang berukuran besar karena tidak akan terjadi hanyutan genetik yang dapat mengubah frekuensi alel.Populasi harus terisolasi dari populasi lain agar tidak terjadi migrasi yang dapat mengubah kumpulan gen. Populasi juga tidak mengalami mutasi dan seleksi alam karena kumpulan gen juga dapat berubah karena kedua peristiwa tersebut. Perkawinan yang dilakukan oleh individu-individu pada populasi tersebut harus dilakukan secara benar-benar acak agar menghasilkan kombinasi alel yang reproduktif (Campbell dkk. 2003: 25).
Kemungkinan frekuensi alel pada suatu populasi dapat diprediksi dengan menggunakan persamaan Hardy-Weinberg, yang dinyatakan sebagai p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. p menyatakan frekuensi alel dominan dan q menyatakan frekuensi alel resesif untuk suatu sifat yang diatur oleh pasangan alel, misalkan M dan m. p adalah alel dalam individu-individu dominan homozigot dan setengah dari individu-individu heterozigot. q adalah alel dalam individu-individu resesif homozigot dan setengah dari individu-individu heterozigot (Sofro 1994: 43 - - 44).
Jumlah alel dalam kasus tersebut hanya ada dua, sehingga jumlah keseluruhan frekuensi dalam populasi harus 100% atau dapat ditulis sebagai p + q = 1. Frekuensi alel berdasarkan persamaan tersebut dapat dihitung jika frekuensi alel yang lain diketahui. Frekuensi kedua alel yang sudah ditemukan kemudian dapat digunakan untuk menghitung frekuensi ketiga genotipe tersebut dalam persamaan p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 (Sofro 1994: 45).
Hukum Hardy-Weinberg berlaku bila-syarat-syaratnya terpenuhi, yaitu perkawinan antara genotip yang satu dengan genotip yang lain terjadi secara acak, masing-masing genotip memiliki kemampuan hidup iviabilitas dan fertilitas yang sama, jumlah anggota populasi besar, tidak terjaadi mutasi dan seleksi alam dan tidak ada perpindahan populasi (Setiowati,T. & D. Furqonita.2007 : 113).
Praktikum genetika populasi mengamati empat sifat yang muncul pada semua peserta praktikum genetika. Sifat pertama yaitu arah putaran rambut pada kepala (crown hair whorl), yang terdiri dari alel dominan yang menyebabkan arah putaran rambut searah jarum jam dan alel resesif yang menyebabkan arah putaran rambut berlawanan arah jarum jam (Jones & Rickards 1991: 173). Sifat kedua yaitu kemampuan menggulung lidah (tongue rolling), yang terdiri dari alel dominan yang menyebabkan lidah dapat menggulung dan alel resesif yang menyebabkan lidah tidak dapat menggulung (Firmansyah dkk. 2007: 106).
Sifat ketiga yaitu cuping telinga (attached ear-lobe), yang terdiri dari alel dominan yang menyebabkan cuping telinga bebas dan alel resesif yang menyebabkan cuping telinga menempel. Sifat keempat yaitu pola pertumbuhan rambut yang menjorok keluar dari batas tumbuh rambut pada dahi (widow’s peak), yang terdiri dari alel dominan yang menyebabkan widow’s peak muncul dan alel resesif yang menyebabkan widow’s peak tidak muncul (Campbell dkk. 2002: 269 - - 270).
Tujuan dari praktikum genetika populasi yaitu : pertama, mengamati sifat morfologi pada populasi praktikum genetika. Kedua, mengetahui apakah frekuensi alel dari sifat attached ear-lobe, crown hair whorl, tongue rolling dan widow’s peak peserta praktikum genetikasesuai dengan hokum Hardi-Weinberg. Ketiga, Memahami perhitungan frekuensi gen (alel) dan frekuensi genotip dengan menggunakan persamaan Hardi-Weinberg.

II. Metodologi

Alat-alat yang digunakan dalam praktikum genetika populasi yaitu pulpen, kertas dan kalkulator. Praktikum ini mengamati cirri-ciri dari populasi kelas sehingga tidak memerlukan bahan-bahan yang spesifik.
Cara kerja pada praktikum genetika populasi yaitu mengamati empat sifat teman-teman sekelompok yaitu attached ear-lobe, crown hair whorl, tongue rolling dan widow’s peak. Hasil pengamatan ditulis di kertas kemusian dibuat tabel. Kemudian hasil satu kelompok digabungkan dengan hasil dari kelompok-kelompok lain sehingga menjadi suatu data kelas. Data kelas kemudia dihitung apakah sesuai dengan hokum hardy-weinberg atau tidak.

III. Hasil dan Pembahasan

Hasil praktikum yang praktikan dapat dinyatakan dalam tabel seperti dalam lampiran. Tabel berisi data frekuensi kelas praktikum genetika P2 menurut sifat attached ear-lobe, crown hair whorl, tongue rolling dan widow’s peak. Masing-masing kelompok mengumpulkan data pengamatan kelompok ke dalam data kelas. Seluruh data kelompok dikumpulkan kemudian dijumlahkan.
Menurut literatur yang praktikan dapat, bahwa rumus hukum Hardy-Weinberg yaitu 1 = p2+ 2pq + q2. P2 menyatakan sifat alel individu dominan homozigot, 2pq menyatakan frekuensi sifat alel individu heterozigot dan q2 menyatakan sifat alel individu resesif homozigot. Hal tersebut menjelaskan berapa jumlah individu dengan alel dominan lebih banyak dibandingkan jumlah individu dengan alel resesif dalam suatu populasi (Sofro 1994: 43 - - 44).
Pengamatan sifat tongue rolling pada populasi peserta praktikum genetika menunjukkan jumlah individu dengan alel dominan dan alel resesif dari total individu sebanyak 39 orang. Jumlah individu dengan alel dominan sebanyak 19 orang dan jumlah individu dengan alel resesif sebanyak 20 orang. Pengamatan tongue rolling didapat perbandingan alel resesif lebih besar daripada alel dominan, hal ini tidak sesuai dengan liteatur yang praktikan baca yaitu perbandingan alel dominan harus lebih besar daripada alel resesif. Peristiwa ini terjadi mungkin karena tidak terpenuhi syarat Hukum Hardy-Weinberg yaitu populasi harus besar.
Pengamatan sifat attached ear-lobe pada populasi peserta praktikum genetika menunjukkan jumlah individu dengan alel dominan dan alel resesif dari total individu sebanyak 39 orang. Jumlah individu dengan alel dominan sebanyak 27 orang dan jumlah individu dengan alel resesif sebanyak 12 orang. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa frekuensi alel dari sifat attached ear-lobe dari populasi peserta praktikum genetika sesuai dengan Hukum Hardy-Weinberg.
Pengamatan sifat crown hair whorl pada populasi peserta praktikum genetika menunjukkan jumlah individu dengan alel dominan dan alel resesif dari total individu sebanyak 39 orang. Jumlah individu dengan alel dominan sebanyak 28 orang dan jumlah individu dengan alel resesif sebanyak 11 orang. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa frekuensi alel dari sifat crown hair whorl dari populasi peserta praktikum genetika sesuai dengan Hukum Hardy-Weinberg.
Pengamatan sifat widow’s peak pada populasi peserta praktikum genetika menunjukkan jumlah individu dengan alel dominan dan alel resesif dari total individu sebanyak 39 orang. Jumlah individu dengan alel dominan sebanyak 15 orang dan jumlah individu dengan alel resesif sebanyak 24 orang. Pengamatan widow’s peak didapat perbandingan alel resesif lebih besar daripada alel dominan, hal ini tidak sesuai dengan liteatur yang praktikan baca yaitu perbandingan alel dominan harus lebih besar daripada alel resesif. Hal ini terjadi mungkin karena tidak terpenuhi syarat Hukum Hardy-Weinberg yaitu populasi harus besar.

IV. Kesimpulan

Setelah melaksanakan praktikum genetika populasi dapat disimpulkan bahwa praktikan dapat mengamati sifat morfologi peserta praktikum genetika P2 melalui pengamatan attached ear-lobe, crown hair whorl, tongue rolling, widow’s peak. Setiap individu mempunyai karakteristik tersendiri yang menyebabkan adanya variasi dalam suatu kelompok.
Praktikan dapat mengetahui pengamatan attached ear-lobe, crown hair whorl, tongue rolling, widow’s peak menurut Hukum Hardy-Weinberg. Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa sifat attached ear-lobe, crown hair whorl sesuai dengan hokum Hardy-Weinberg karena frekuensi alel dominan lebih besar dari frekuensi alel resesif, sedangkan sifat tongue rolling, widow’s peak tidak sesuai dengan hokum Hardy-Weinberg karena frekuensi alel dominan tidak lebih besar dari frekuensi alel resesif.
Praktikan dapat memahami perhitungan frekuensi gen (alel) dan frekuensi genotip dengan menggunakan persamaan Hardi –Weinberg. Perhitungannya melalui rumus hokum Hardy-Weinberg.

V. Daftar Acuan

Campbell, N.A., J.B. Reece, L.G. Mitchel. 2002. Biologi terj. dari Biology fifth ed. oleh Rahayu L., Ellyzar I.M., Nova A., Andri, Wishnu F.W., Wasmen, M. : xxi + 446 hlm.
Campbell, N.A., J.B. Reece, L.G. Mitchel. 2003. Biologi terj. dari biology fifth ed. oleh Wasmen M. : xxii + 412 hlm. http://books.google.co.id/books?id=MmtYqOgh3FYC&pg=PA26&dq=genetika+populasi&hl=id&ei=0r6GTYb7Gs74cd7M6ZQD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=genetika%20populasi&f=false. 21 Maret 2011, pk.14.50.
Firmansyah, R., A.M. Hendrawan, M.U. Riandi. 2007. Mudah dan aktif belajar biologi untuk kelas XII sekolah menengah atas / madrasah aliyah program ilmu pengetahuan alam: 220 hlm. http://books.google.co.id/books?id=WKguqRRz2_AC&pg=PA106&dq=alel+menggulung+lidah&hl=id&ei=uNqGTYyEGc6Hca7M_YUD&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=alel%20menggulung%20lidah&f=false. 21 Maret 2011, pk. 14.12.
Jones, R.N. & G.K. Rickards. 1991. Practical genetics: 228 hlm. http://books.google.co.id/books?id=8GkKAQAAMAAJ&q=crown+whorl&dq=crown+whorl&hl=id&ei=u0GITdeUEILirAel35TZDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA. 22 Maret 2011, pk. 14.42.
Setiowati,T. & D. Furqonita.2007.Konsep Biologi kelas XII.xii + 131 hlm.
Sofro, A.S.M. 1994. Keanekaragaman genetik: vi + 127 hlm. http://books.google.co.id/books?id=tqpRL0uJm6kC&pg=PA45&dq=persamaan+hardy+weinberg&hl=id&ei=xsmGTaKZEsKdcbGZ1ZID&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=persamaan%20hardy%20weinberg&f=false. 21 Maret 2011, pk. 14.25.